William Jefferson Clinton, bolj znan kot Bill Clinton, ameri. The Volkswagen Beetle (officially the Volkswagen Type 1, informally in Germany the Volkswagen K.
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Volkswagen Beetle - Wikipedia. Volkswagen Type 1. Volkswagen Beetle.
Overview. Manufacturer. Volkswagen. Also called. Hitler contracted Ferdinand Porsche in 1. The influence on Porsche's design of other contemporary cars, such as the Tatra V5.
Josef Ganz remains a subject of dispute. The result was one of the first rear- engined cars since the Brass Era. With 2. 1,5. 29,4.
Later models were designated Volkswagen 1. The model became widely known in its home country as the K.
For example, in France it was known as the Coccinelle (French for ladybug). As Autobahn speeds increased in the postwar years, its output was boosted to 3. The Beetle ultimately gave rise to variants, including the Karmann Ghia, Type 2 and external coachbuilders. The Beetle marked a significant trend, led by Volkswagen, Fiat, and Renault, whereby the rear- engine, rear- wheel drive layout increased from 2.
Western Europe's car production in 1. In 1. 97. 4, Volkswagen's own front- wheel drive Golf model succeeded the Beetle. In 1. 99. 4, Volkswagen unveiled the Concept One, a . Everything had to be designed to ensure parts could be quickly and inexpensively exchanged.
The engine had to be air- cooled because, as Hitler explained, not every country doctor had his own garage (ethylene glycolantifreeze was only just beginning to be used in high- performance liquid- cooled aircraft engines. In general, radiators filled with water would freeze unless the vehicle was kept in a heated building overnight or drained and refilled each morning).
Porsche already preferred the flat- four engine, and selected a swing axle rear suspension (invented by Edmund Rumpler), while Z. In 1. 93. 2, three prototypes were running. The Type 3. 2 was similar in design to the Type 1. NSU's exit from car manufacturing resulted in the Type 3.
In October 1. 93. Type 6. 0 prototypes, known as the V1 and V2 (V for Versuchswagen, or .
All cars had the distinctive round shape and the air- cooled, rear- mounted engine. Included in this batch was a rollback soft top called the Cabrio Limousine. The air- cooled 2. W) 9. 95 cc (6. 0. The suspension design used compact torsion bars instead of coil or leaf springs.
The Beetle is nearly airtight and will briefly float. The model village of Stadt des Kd. F- Wagens was created near Fallersleben in Lower Saxony in 1. The factory had only produced a handful of cars by the start of the war in 1. Type 8. 2 K. The factory produced another wartime vehicle: the Kommandeurswagen (Typ 8.
Beetle body mounted on a 4. WD Schwimmwagen chassis.
The Kommandeurswagen had widened fenders to accommodate its Kronprinz all- terrain tires. Much of the essential equipment had already been moved to underground bunkers for protection, which let production resume quickly after hostilities ended. Due to gasoline shortages late in the war, a few .
As part of this, in the Industrial plans for Germany, the rules for which industry Germany was to be allowed to retain were set out. German car production was set at a maximum of 1. The Volkswagen factory was handed over by the Americans to British control in 1. Britain. To build the car commercially would be a completely uneconomic enterprise.
In March 1. 94. 7, Herbert Hoover helped change policy by stating. There is the illusion that the New Germany left after the annexations can be reduced to a . It cannot be done unless we exterminate or move 2. His first task was to remove an unexploded bomb that had fallen through the roof and lodged itself between some pieces of irreplaceable production equipment; if the bomb had exploded, the Beetle's fate would have been sealed. Knowing Germany needed jobs and the British Army needed vehicles.
The first 1,7. 85 Type 1s were made in 1. After World War II, it was officially designated the Volkswagen Type 1, but was more commonly known as the Beetle. During this post- war period, the Beetle had superior performance in its category with a top speed of 1. This was far superior to the Citro.
It has tolerable road- handling and is economical to maintain. Although a small car, the engine has great elasticity and gave the feeling of better output than its small nominal size. The Type 1. 8A, a fixed- top cabriolet, was produced by Austro- Tatra as a police and fire unit; 2.
January 1. 95. 0 and March 1. Beetle production surpassed that of the previous record holder, the Ford Model T. The Japanese had refined rear- wheel- drive, water- cooled, front- engine small cars including the Datsun 5. Toyota Corona, whose sales in the North American market grew rapidly at the expense of Volkswagen in the late 1. Honda introduced the N6. Austin Mini, to the North American market in late 1. Honda Civic in 1.
In 1. 97. 1 Ford introduced its Pinto, which had some market impact as a low cost alternative. As the 1. 96. 0s came to a close, Volkswagen faced increasingly stiff competition from European cars as well. The Beetle was faced with competition from new designs like the Fiat 1. Renault 5, and more robust designs based on the Austin Mini layout such as the Superminis. German competitors, Ford and Opel also enjoyed strong sales of modern smaller cars like the Ford Escort and Opel Kadett.
Volkswagen's attempts to boost the power of their air- cooled motor to meet the demands of higher highway speeds in the late 1. Safety issues with the Beetle came under increasing scrutiny, culminating in the 1. None of these models, aimed at more upscale markets, achieved the level of success as the Beetle.
The over- reliance on a single model, now in decline, meant that Volkswagen was in financial crisis by 1. It needed German government funding to produce the Beetle's replacement. Production lines at Wolfsburg switched to the new water- cooled, front- engined, front- wheel drive. Golf designed by Giorgetto Giugiaro in 1. North America at the time as the . The Golf would eventually become Volkswagen's most successful model since the Beetle.
The Golf would be periodically redesigned over its lifetime, entering its seventh generation in 2. Beetle had only minor refinements of its original design. Production of the Beetle continued in smaller numbers at other German factories until 1. January 1. 97. 8, when mainstream production shifted to Brazil and Mexico: markets where low operating cost was an important factor.
However, this shift in production did not completely end sales of the Beetle in Europe, although after this date sales of the Beetle in Europe were very low. Beetle sedans were produced for U. S. The Beetle convertible/Cabriolet ended production (as 1. January 3. 1, 1. 98. Production in Brazil ended in 1.
The Beetle outlasted most other cars which had adopted the rear air- cooled engine layout such as those by Subaru, Fiat, and General Motors. Porsche's 3. 56 series which originally used some Volkswagen sourced parts, continued to use the classic rear engine layout (which later became water- cooled) in the Porsche 9.
Worldwide end of production. VW announced the end of production in June 2. Type 1 VW Beetle (No. Puebla, Mexico, on 3. July 2. 00. 3. This last Beetle, nicknamed El Rey (Spanish for .
Each car included the 1. CD player with four speakers, chrome bumpers, trim, hub caps and exterior mirrors, a Wolfsburg emblem above the front trunk's handle, chrome glove box badge, body coloured wheels, tinted glass, a rear parcel shelf, and VW . In Mexico, there was an advertising campaign as a goodbye for the Beetle. In one of the ads was a very small parking space on the street, and many big cars tried to use it, but could not. After a while, a sign appears in that parking space saying: .
Another depicted the rear end of a 1. Beetle (the year Volkswagen was established in Mexico) in the left side of the ad, reading . There were other ads with the same nostalgic tone. Volkswagen made only two of these air- cooled boxer diesel engines (not turbocharged), and installed one engine in a Type 1 and another in a Type 2. The diesel Beetle was time tested on the N.
The bodywork attached with eighteen bolts to its nearly flat chassis which featured a central structural tunnel. Front and rear suspension featured torsion bars along with front stabilizer bar .
Certain initial features were subsequently revised, including mechanical drum brakes, split- window rear windows, mechanical direction- indicators and the non- synchronized gearbox. Other features, including its distinctive overall shape, endured. Its engine, transmission, and cylinder heads were constructed of light alloy. An engine oil cooler (located in the engine fan's shroud) ensured optimal engine operating temperature and long engine life, optimized by a thermostat that bypassed the oil cooler when the engine was cold. Later models of the carburetor featured an automatic choke. Engine intake air passed through a metallic filter, while heavier particles were captured by an oil bath. After 1. 96. 0, steering featured a hydraulic damper that absorbed steering irregularities.
Indicative of the car's utilitarian design, the interior featured painted metal surfaces, a metal dash consolidating instruments in a single, circular binnacle, adjustable front seats, a fold- down rear seat, optional swing- out rear windows, front windows with pivoting vent windows, heating via air- to- air exchange manifolds operating off the engine's heat, and a windshield washer system that eschewed the complexity and cost of an additional electric pump and instead received its pressurization from the car's spare tire (located in the front luggage compartment) which was accordingly overinflated to accommodate the washer function. Throughout its production, VW marketed the Beetle with a four- speed manual transmission. From 1. 96. 1 (and almost exclusively in Europe). Subsequently (beginning in 1. Europe and 1. 96. United States), VW offered an optional semi- automatic transmission (marketed as Automatic Stick Shift and also called Auto.
Stick. The Beetle Cabriolet began production in 1. Karmann in Osnabr. After successfully presenting it at VW in Wolfsburg, production started in 1.